Provide the person's name as the commercial site indexed it. The "s. Finally, provide the name of the commercial site you used. Indexes and databases within a commercial site Nixon" , Ancestry. Commercial sites like Ancestry. Otherwise, your readers will assume that the index or database provides only transcriptions, without reproducing the original source.
More details and examples for genealogical sources are available here. Webpages original content online When no author is named, treat the site's sponsor as the author. Film movie The Secret of Roan Inish , dir. Provide 1 the title, 2 the director, 3 theatrical release date, 4 if viewed as dvd or video, specify the distributor, date of dvd or video release, and format.
Television or radio program Provide 1 the title of the episode, 2 broadcast date of the episode, 3 title of series, 4 network, 5 inclusive dates of the series, 6 if viewed as dvd or video, specify the distributor, date of dvd or video release, and format.
Broadcast interview Ron Haviv, interview by Charlie Rose, 12 Feb. Provide 1 person being interviewed, 2 the interviewer, 3 title of the episode, if given, 4 the date of the interview, 5 name of the program, 6 the network. Song or album Provide 1 songwriter or composer, 2 name of song or piece, 3 performer s , 4 title of album, in italics, 5 date of performance, if available, 6 distributor, 7 release date. Paintings, Photographs, and Sculpture Tintype of John Finley Crowe, c.
For items you have consulted in person or online, provide as much of the following as is available 1 artist, 2 title of the piece, 3 medium, 4 physical location of the piece, if provided, 5 URL, if image was consulted online. For items reproduced in books, follow the model for a work in an anthology. If the item has neither a title nor known creator, include a subject and date or other descriptive detail to distinguish it from similar items in that collection.
Social media posts Provide as many of the following as are available: 1 the author's real name, 2 the author's screen name, 3 the opening text of the post, provided as a title, 4 the social media service, 5 the date, including month, day, and year - and time, if relevant, 6 the URL.
Use this model for posts that are available to the public. If you are citing content available to you but not to the public as in a private message or a posting to a selected group of people , use the model found below for "personal communication. Personal communication Abby Labille, "News from Home," email to author, Oct. Use these models for information people have communicated to you directly. Model footnote 50 is appropriate for informal oral history interviews.
If you don't have the name of the person you are citing, provide a description of the person, as well as the location and date as with model footnote Provide the name of the class and the date of the lecture. The name of a classroom lecture is not usually necessary. One source quoted in another Sharpe, , If you wish to refer to a source that the source you are consulting quotes, provide as much information as is available about the quoted source, and also provide the relevant information for the item in which it appears.
Use this shortened style on second and subsequent cites to a particular item. The usual pattern is to give the last name of the author, the main title of the item or the first four words or so, if the item is still recognizable that way , followed by the page number or other location information.
The first model is for a book, the second for an article, and the third for a letter in an anthology. Complete citations in a consistent citation style make it easier for your readers to scan through your citations and find what they want quickly.
If you are reading this page from the Hanover College campus, you can click here to see an example of a published article using Chicago Manual style footnotes. If this link does not work for you, contact your library to see if your institution provides access to scholarly journals through some other means. Suppose the second paragraph of your paper mentions Horatio Nelson Taft visiting the White House, and suppose one of your readers is curious about where she could read more about Taft.
In the bibliography, include the page range for the chapter or part. Thoreau, Henry David. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, The Making of the American Essay. For more examples, see Jhumpa Lahiri, In Other Words , trans. Knopf, , Lahiri, Jhumpa. In Other Words. Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database.
For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the notes, if any or simply omit. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds. Austen, Jane.
Pride and Prejudice. New York: Penguin Classics, Borel, Brooke. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking. Note that footnote numbers are usually placed at the end of the clause or sentence, after any punctuation as covered above under "Placement of footnotes" , so they wouldn't usually be right next to any italicized text anyway. Yes, to provide a source for supplementary information, you can simply include a citation in the usual format directly after your sentence.
This was very helpful for footnotes. Yes, we have a full guide to creating a Chicago bibliography. Hope that helps! With the footnotes, is it ok to add additional information regarding a word or name by explaining further with body text, other than just using a footnote as a citation from an author? Yes, as well as citation footnotes, you can also add informational footnotes that provide extra explanation or context to the body text. Does the same hold true for endnotes? In other words, using the endnote style of citation, can I make an endnote that does not include a citation but simply provides extra explanation?
Yes, the same applies to endnotes. In Chicago style, footnotes and endnotes are treated identically — the only difference is where they appear in your paper. Is it a known format in Chicago style or anything else? Can we use both footnotes and endnotes with separating their functioning purposes this way, or not really?
Chicago does indeed mention this as a possibility. They suggest that if you have a lot of source notes and a few notes providing extra information called "substantive notes" , you can include the source notes as endnotes and the substantive notes as footnotes, so the reader doesn't miss them.
To make it clear which is which, they suggest using numbering for the endnotes and symbols for the footnotes. If there's only one footnote on the page, only the asterisk is needed.
Have a language expert improve your writing. Check your paper for plagiarism in 10 minutes. Do the check. Generate your APA citations for free! APA Citation Generator. This is an example of a Chicago style footnote citation. Full note example 1. Short note example 2.
What can proofreading do for your paper? Format Example This is the format of a full note , 1 and this is the format of a short note. Author first name last name, Book Title , edition. Place of publication: Publisher, year , page number s , URL. Author last name, Shortened Book Title , page number s. New York: Free Press, , 75— Covey, 7 Habits , 75—7. Editor first name last name Place of publication: Publisher, year , page number s. John Jaimeson Toronto: Petlove Press, , What is the difference between footnotes and endnotes?
Should I use short notes or full notes for my Chicago citations? Do I have to include a bibliography or reference list? When should I include page numbers in Chicago style citations? How do I cite a source with multiple authors in Chicago style? Burns et al.
Is this article helpful? He writes and edits for Scribbr, and reads a lot of books in his spare time. Other students also liked. For examples of how these citation styles work in research papers, consult our sample papers:. In addition to consulting The Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition for more information, students may also find it useful to consult Kate L. This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian" citation style, follows the two CMOS patterns of documentation but offers slight modifications suited to student texts.
The Chicago Notes and Bibliography NB system is often used in the humanities to provide writers with a system for referencing their sources through the use of footnotes, endnotes, and through the use of a bibliography.
This offers writers a flexible option for citation and provides an outlet for commenting on those sources, if needed. In addition, it can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the intentional or accidental uncredited use of source material created by others. In the Notes and Bibliography system, you should include a note endnote or footnote each time you use a source, whether through a direct quote, paraphrase, or summary. Footnotes are added at the end of the page on which the source is referenced, while endnotes are compiled at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire document.
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